ABSTRACT
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of preclinical studies on the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine candidate to warrant further clinical evaluation. Method(s): SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal swab specimens were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing. The safety and immunogenicity tests of the COVID-19 vaccine were carried out in rats and Rhesus monkeys, and Balb/C mice and Rhesus monkeys, respectively. Result(s): The candidate vaccine was well tolerated and induced promising levels of SARS-CoV-2- specific IgG1, IgG2a, and Granzyme B in Balb/C mice, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies in Rhesus monkeys. Based on cVNT results, the inactivated vaccine in 0.5 and 1 microg/100 microL doses was able to induce a neutralizing effect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus up to a dilution of 1:512 and 1:1000. The protective efficacy of the vaccine candidate was challenged with 2 x108 PFU of live viruses and confirmed by lung CT scan and histopathological evaluations compared to the control group. Repeated intramuscular injection of the candidate vaccine was generally well-tolerated in Rats and Rhesuses. No significant side effects were observed in rats injected with ten full human doses and in the Rhesus monkeys with three full human doses. Conclusion(s): Based on the findings presented in this study, it is recommended that this vaccine be moved into human testing commencing with a phase I clinical trial.Copyright © 2021 Muslim OT et al.
ABSTRACT
Acquired hemophilia (AH) is a potentially life-threatening hemorrhagic disorder. We report the second confirmed case of COVID-19-associated AH in a 45-year-old female which, unfortunately, expired as her treatment failed. She presented to the emergency department with abnormal bleeding and spontaneous hemoptysis about ten days after a removal surgery of her epiglottis tumor. Aggregation tests, such as partial thromboplastin time (PTT), are recommended in patients with COVID-19 infection that have bleeding episodes.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s);Published by Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention.
ABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the largest infectious crisis in the present century. It has been reported that COVID-19 infection may trigger autoimmune diseases. Herein, we report a 68-year-old male that was diagnosed with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) following COVID-19 infection. To our knowledge, this is the fourth case of COVID-19-associated TTP. More attention is required regarding the possibility of developing TTP in COVID-19 patients, especially with the presence of decreased consciousness and low levels of hemoglobin and platelet. © 2023 The Author(s).
ABSTRACT
Acquired hemophilia (AH) is a potentially life-threatening hemorrhagic disorder. We report the second confirmed case of COVID-19-associated AH in a 45-year-old female which, unfortunately, expired as her treatment failed. She presented to the emergency department with abnormal bleeding and spontaneous hemoptysis about ten days after a removal surgery of her epiglottis tumor. Aggregation tests, such as partial thromboplastin time (PTT), are recommended in patients with COVID-19 infection that have bleeding episodes. © 2022 The Author(s);Published by Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has various clinical manifestations and several pathogenic pathways. Although several therapeutic options have been used to control COVID-19, none of these medications have been proven to be a definitive cure. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a protease that has a key role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Following the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors of the host cells, TMPRSS2 processes and activates the S protein on the epithelial cells. As a result, the membranes of the virus and host cell fuse. Bromhexine is a specific TMPRSS2 inhibitor that potentially inhibits the infectivity cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, several clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of bromhexine in COVID-19 patients. The findings of these studies have shown that bromhexine is effective in improving the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 and has prophylactic effects by inhibiting TMPRSS2 and viral penetration into the host cells. Bromhexine alone cannot cure all of the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it could be an effective addition to control and prevent the disease progression along with other drugs that are used to treat COVID-19. Further studies are required to investigate the efficacy of bromhexine in COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Bromhexine , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Bromhexine/pharmacology , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism , Virus InternalizationABSTRACT
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: There are reports of various renal complications following the administration of different types of COVID-19 vaccines. Further studies are required to investigate the associations and underlying pathogeneses. Please cite this paper as: Hassanzadeh S, Mubarak M, Akhavan Sepahi M, Nasri H. Exacerbation of an undiagnosed pre-existing lupus nephritis following an inactivated COVID-19 vaccination. J Nephropharmacol. 2022;11(1):e02. DOI: 10.34172/npj.2022.02. © 2022 The Author(s);Published by Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention.
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Objective: To review the reported cases of kidney injury following vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with a focus on renal pathology. Methods: We searched for case reports of kidney complications after COVID-19 vaccine in PubMed. Results: A total of 36 articles including 49 case reports were reported. These included minimal change disease (n = 17), IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (n = 15), IgA nephritis/vasculitis (n = 5), ANCA glomerulonephritis/vasculitis (n = 5), anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis (n = 2), and 1 case of each granulomatous vasculitis, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, scleroderma renal crisis, IgG4-related disease nephritis, and primary membranous nephropathy (MN). Conclusion: We give an overview of the reported cases of post-COVID-19 renal complications. Further investigations of the underlying pathogenesis of post-COVID-19 vaccination renal adverse events are required, as prompt workup, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with renal complications may lead to complete remission, prevent kidney failure, and long-term complications such as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, these complications are overall extremely rare and the benefit of vaccination outweighs the potential risks. © 2022 The Author(s);Published by Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention.
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In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and compare its features to other similar conditions. The recent CO-VID-19 pandemic has caused enormous mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is important to note that CO-VID-19-associated thrombotic events play a huge role in the morbidity of this disease. Interestingly, it has been observed that this complication may occur de-spite prophylactic anticoagulant therapy. Recent stud-ies on COVID-19-associated coagulopathy revealed that the COVID-19-associated hypercoagulability is more frequently observed among those with a severe course of the disease. Various mechanisms have been suggested as explanations for this condition and possible underlying etiologies. © 2021, EDIMES Edizioni Medico Scientifiche. All rights reserved.